—–. 1989. The fresh new Syntax and you can Semantics out of Verb Morphology inside the Modern Aramaic: A beneficial Jewish Dialect of Iraqi Kurdistan. American China Series, 69. The fresh new Retreat: American China Neighborhood.
Meehan, Charles, and you may Jacqueline Alon. 1979. Brand new Guy Whose Tunic Trapped so you’re able to Him: A great Folktale regarding Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Zakho (Iraqi Kurdistan). Israel China Studies nine:174-203.
Sabar, Yona. 1976. Lel-Huza: Facts and you can Record into the a period regarding Lamentations for the Ninth of Abdominal on the Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect from Zakho. JSS -62.
—–. 1988. The book out-of Exodus within the Neo-Aramaic regarding Dialect of one’s Jewish Community of Zakho [Hebrew]. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
These half a dozen binyanim out of Syriac was basically lower in NENA so you can two earliest groups, having a 3rd directly allied toward next
Thomason, Sarah Gray, and Terrence Kaufman. 1988. Code Get in touch with, Creolization, and you may Hereditary Linguistics. Berkeley and you can Los angeles: Univ. from Ca Drive.
The initial category originated from this new peal, the second group regarding the pael, together with 3rd, whoever vocalism pursue that the following, is derived from this new afel
Some other basis complicating the difficulty is the differential affects of one’s various co-territorial languages. The brand new dialect differences inside Kurdish are considerable, in order to their effect will likely be traced a number of the type one of NENA languages. Eg, the fresh new Jewish Neo-Aramaic out of Halabja, such as the Kurdish of area, doesn’t differentiate a gift and you will future demanding, however, in which Kurdish preserves such as for instance a big change, very does Neo-Aramaic. Into the Azerbaijan, Turkish has actually exerted good impact on brand new Jewish dialect (Garbell 1965b), together with dialects of your own plain away from Mosul let you know an effective dictate off Arabic not viewed in other places.
Tkhuma (Tx): What out-of descendants away from emigrants from 1 of partial-separate ashirets away from the southern part of Poultry, today resident over the Khabur Valley during the Syria. Information is off Jacobi (1973) and you will my notes.
(5) Syriac had about three very first spoken stems, the peal, the newest pael, in addition to afel. To these was in fact added about three couch potato stems, designed regarding the very first of those because of the prefixation away from age[Theta]-: the new elizabeth[Theta]pael, new elizabeth[Theta]paal, and ettafal. This situation is available through the NENA. For the majority NENA dialects, verbs usually stay static in the fresh verb kinds where they certainly were utilized in earlier stages of your words. That’s, brand new descendant of an excellent Syriac peal verb will be an excellent NENA Classification I verb, and you can a Syriac pael verb would-be an excellent NENA Class II verb: such, Urmi ptaxa ‘open’ from earlier peal, and you may sadure ‘send’ out-of prior to pael. However, from inside the Jewish Azerbaijani, Halabja, and possibly Koy Sanjaq, the class membership might have been reorganized that will be predictable into the basis of your shape of new stem as opposed to the historic supply. Such, inside the Azerbaijani the C stalk has the means CaCoC- for voice verbs, any the resource, and you will CCaC- to possess center-weakened verbs: garosen ‘I have always been pulling’, however, kwasan ‘I (f.) in the morning descending’ (Garbell 1965, 64).
(11) Another extremely high creativity inside the NENA ‘s the 3rd people copula that have l: ile ‘he is’, ila ‘she is’. This form can get derive (Noldeke 1868, 203) away from i[Theta] leh ‘he has’, but no copula enjoy it is positioned additional NENA. The original and you may next people lack a keen l, except in Jewish Azerbaijani, where the l could have been generalized through the paradigm: Jilu iwIt ‘you (masc.) are’, Aradhin i:profit ‘I (masc.) am’, Azerbai big’ (Garbell 1965, 64). ile is situated throughout NENA but inside Halabja, that has -(y)e: yarxa rahamim-ye ‘it ‘s the times out of mercy’. Neither Turoyo neither Mandaic has variations parallel in order to ile: Turoyo harke-yo ‘he try here’, harke-zero ‘I am here’; Mandaic basim-ye ‘he is actually charming’, basim-na ‘I am charming’ (Macuch 1965, 443).
(19) The outdated Aramaic word for ‘son’, bra inside BT, has been extended in every NENA except Hertevin because of the inclusion of your own diminutive suffix -ona/-una: Azerbaijan Jewish brona (Garbell 1965, 297), Jilu bruna (Fox 1992, 51), Aradhin bru:na (Krotkoff 1982, 122), Tisqopa brona (Rubba, individual correspondence), Zakho brona (Meehan and you can Alon 1979, 177). But not, each other Turoyo and you will Mandaic keeps an epenthetic vowel, however, zero suffix: Turoyo ?abro (Jastrow 1985, 221), and Mandaic eber or ebra (Macuch 1965, 520).
b) Occasionally, Hertevin aligns that have Turoyo, resistant to the remainder of NENA. They lacks a good CCaCa present stressful (6), arkadaÅŸlık sitesi has no sodir preterite (12), doesn’t have preposition ta (15), and you can uses ruh in order to create reflexive pronouns (14).
—–. 1965. The fresh new Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect out of Persian Azerbaijan: Linguistic Investigation and you may Folkloristic Messages. Janua Linguarum, collection practica 3. New Hague: Mouton.